Tensions between India and Pakistan have escalated sharply following a deadly terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Kashmir, on 22 April 2025, which resulted in the deaths of 26 civilians, predominantly Hindu tourists. The Resistance Front (TRF), a group believed to be affiliated with the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, claimed responsibility for the attack, citing opposition to the settlement of over 85,000 non-Kashmiris in the region .
In the aftermath, Pakistan’s Defence Minister, Khawaja Asif, suggested the attack was a “false flag operation” orchestrated by India to malign Pakistan . India, however, has identified three suspects linked to the attack, two of whom are Pakistani nationals, and has vowed to bring the perpetrators to justice .
The incident has led to a series of retaliatory measures from both nations:
| Action | India’s Response | Pakistan’s Response |
| Diplomatic Measures | Expelled Pakistani diplomats; suspended visas for Pakistani nationals | Expelled Indian diplomats; suspended visas for Indian nationals |
| Airspace and Border Control | Closed land border with Pakistan | Closed airspace to Indian flights |
| Water Treaty | Suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, threatening to divert river waters | Warned that any diversion would be considered an act of war |
| Military Posture | Increased military readiness along the Line of Control | Reported exchanges of fire along the Line of Control |
| Public Statements | Prime Minister Modi pledged to pursue attackers relentlessly | Defence Minister Asif labeled the attack a “false flag operation” |
The United Nations has urged both countries to exercise restraint and engage in dialogue to prevent further escalation . However, with both sides taking firm stances, the situation remains volatile.
This incident marks one of the deadliest attacks in the region since the 2008 Mumbai attacks, raising concerns over the potential for renewed hostilities between the two nuclear-armed neighbours.
